Which principles underly morality? (e.g., happiness, duty, fairness)

1. **Happiness (Utilitarianism)**: Actions are judged by their ability to maximize overall happiness or minimize suffering (e.g., Bentham, Mill). 2. **Duty (Deontology)**: Morality is based on adherence to universal rules or duties, regardless of consequences (e.g., Kant's categorical imperative). 3. **Fairness/Justice**: Moral actions promote equality, fairness, and just distribution of resources (e.g., Rawls' theory of justice). 4. **Virtue (Virtue Ethics)**: Morality is tied to cultivating virtuous character traits, such as courage, honesty, and compassion (e.g., Aristotle). 5. **Rights**: Actions are moral if they respect and protect individual rights (e.g., Locke, Nozick). These principles often overlap or conflict, depending on the context and philosophical perspective.