Map

As many organisations remove physical access to services opting instead for onli...

Digital-Only Services: How They Exclude People from Essential Tasks

Disability barriers to digital-only services

Why confusing layouts and language exclude people with cognitive disabilities

Why These Examples Matter — How Digital-Only Services Exclude People

No internet access — a structural barrier to essential services

Lack of devices — connectivity alone isn’t enough

Digital literacy gaps — availability ≠ usability

Disability barriers: how design failures exclude people with disabilities

Why these examples were chosen — concise justification with examples

Language and Literacy Limits — Comprehension Determines Usability

Why We Chose Plain Language Principles

Identity verification as an unintended gatekeeper

Digital ID Exclusion — Why It Matters

Why UN Critiques of Digital ID Implementations Were Selected

Assistive tools — why they matter

Intermittent power/connectivity: why reliability matters

Why Pew Research Center on Digital Divides Was Selected

Trust and Privacy Concerns — Why Fear of Surveillance Excludes People from Digit...

Why the UK Government Digital Exclusion Research Was Selected

Why the UK Government’s Digital Exclusion Research Was Selected

Why These Sources and Examples Were Selected — Suggested Further Reading and Aut...

Second‑Level Digital Divide — Why this concept was selected

Why “Supported Channels” (Assisted Digital) Was Selected

Why These Examples Were Selected — Short Explanation with Examples

Digital Literacy Gaps and Exclusion

Why I Selected van Dijk’s The Digital Divide (2020)

Why Friemel (2016) Matters for Digital-Only Exclusion

Digital Exclusion in the Transition to Online-Only Service Models

Digital-First Systems as Engines of Universal Access