C++ semantics define the rules that determine how programs behave at runtime. Key aspects include:

• Expression Evaluation: C++ relies on operator precedence and associativity rules, though the order of evaluation is often unspecified, which can lead to subtle bugs if side effects depend on a specific order.

• Type System: With static typing at its core, C++ enforces type safety while supporting polymorphism through overloading, templates (compile-time generic programming), and dynamic dispatch via virtual functions.

• Memory Management and Object Lifetime: C++ gives programmers fine-grained control over memory allocation and deallocation, while modern practices like RAII and smart pointers help manage resources safely.

• Value vs. Reference Semantics: C++ distinguishes between copying objects (value semantics) and using references or pointers, affecting performance and behavior.

These semantic principles collectively shape how C++ code is written, optimized, and maintained, balancing control, performance, and safety.