1. Emergence: Complex systems exhibit properties that arise from interactions among components, which cannot be deduced simply by examining individual parts.

2. Nonlinearity: Small changes can have disproportionate effects due to feedback loops and intricate interdependencies.

3. Self-Organization: Systems often develop order spontaneously through internal dynamics without centralized control.

4. Adaptation and Co-evolution: Components and systems adjust in response to environmental changes, highlighting a process of mutual influence and evolution.

5. Interdisciplinary Perspective: Complexity theory transcends traditional disciplinary boundaries, encouraging holistic and integrative approaches to understanding systems.

Nonlinearity means that in complex systems, cause and effect are not directly proportional. Small changes in a system’s input can produce disproportionately large or unexpected outcomes, often due to feedback loops and intricate interdependencies among its parts. This makes predicting behavior challenging, as linear relationships—where doubling an input simply doubles the effect—do not apply.