Sapolsky emphasizes that neural plasticity is the brain’s remarkable capacity to change and reorganize its structure and function in response to new experiences. He argues that this adaptability allows our neural circuits to be reshaped by repeated behaviors, environmental pressures, and emotional experiences. For instance, chronic stress can reinforce pathways that lead to heightened fear responses, while positive social interactions or learning new skills can strengthen circuits related to reward and cognitive control. This dynamic quality of the brain underscores his view that behavior is not fixed but constantly influenced by our lived experiences, blending biological predispositions with ongoing environmental inputs.