Normative ethical theories

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Normative ethical theories provide frameworks for determining what actions are morally right or wrong. The main types are:

1. Deontological Ethics: Focuses on duty and rules. Actions are judged based on their adherence to these duties, regardless of consequences (e.g., Kant's Categorical Imperative).

2. Consequentialism: Judges actions by their outcomes. The most well-known form is Utilitarianism, which seeks the greatest good for the greatest number.

3. Virtue Ethics: Emphasizes character and virtues rather than rules or outcomes. It asks what a virtuous person would do in a given situation (e.g., Aristotle's emphasis on virtues like courage and wisdom).

4. Rights-Based Ethics: Centers on the rights of individuals. Actions are right if they respect and protect these rights (e.g., human rights theories).

Each theory offers a different lens for evaluating moral decisions.

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Rights-Based Ethics centers on the idea that individuals possess certain fundamental rights that must be respected and protected. These rights are often considered universal, inalienable, and inherent to human dignity. Key points include:

1. Foundational Rights: These typically include rights to life, liberty, and security, as well as freedoms of speech, religion, and association.

2. Respect and Protection: Moral actions are those that respect and uphold these rights. Violating someone's rights is inherently wrong, regardless of the consequences.

3. Examples: Human rights theories, such as those outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are prime examples. John Locke's philosophy also emphasizes natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

4. Challenges: Balancing conflicting rights can be complex. For instance, how does one reconcile freedom of speech with the right to privacy?

Rights-Based Ethics provides a strong moral framework focused on individual dignity and autonomy, often serving as a foundation for legal and political systems.

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