Normative ethical theories

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Normative ethical theories provide frameworks for determining what actions are morally right or wrong. The main types are:

1. Deontological Ethics: Focuses on duty and rules. Actions are judged based on their adherence to these duties, regardless of consequences (e.g., Kant's Categorical Imperative).

2. Consequentialism: Judges actions by their outcomes. The most well-known form is Utilitarianism, which seeks the greatest good for the greatest number.

3. Virtue Ethics: Emphasizes character and virtues rather than rules or outcomes. It asks what a virtuous person would do in a given situation (e.g., Aristotle's emphasis on virtues like courage and wisdom).

4. Rights-Based Ethics: Centers on the rights of individuals. Actions are right if they respect and protect these rights (e.g., human rights theories).

Each theory offers a different lens for evaluating moral decisions.

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Certainly! Consequentialism is a normative ethical theory that judges the morality of actions based on their outcomes or consequences. The most well-known form of consequentialism is Utilitarianism, which aims to maximize overall happiness or well-being, often summarized as "the greatest good for the greatest number."

### Key Points: 1. Outcome-Centric: The morality of an action is determined solely by its results, not by the intentions behind it or adherence to rules.

2. Impartiality: All individuals' interests are considered equally; no one's happiness is inherently more valuable than another's.

3. Flexibility: Consequentialism can adapt to different contexts, as it evaluates actions based on their specific consequences rather than rigid rules.

### Strengths: - Practicality: It provides a clear, outcome-based method for decision-making. - Inclusivity: It considers the impact on all affected parties, promoting fairness.

### Criticisms: - Predictability: It can be difficult to predict all consequences of an action, making it hard to apply in practice. - Moral Integrity: Critics argue it can justify morally questionable actions if they lead to good outcomes (e.g., sacrificing one to save many).

### Example: In a classic utilitarian dilemma, lying might be justified if it leads to a greater good, such as saving lives, even though lying is generally considered wrong.

Consequentialism offers a pragmatic approach to ethics, but it also raises important questions about the limits of outcome-based reasoning.

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