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TheThe nature nature vs vs.. nurture nurture debate debate explores explores the the relative relative contributions contributions of of genetics genetics ( (naturenature)) and and environment environment ( (nnurturtureure)) to to human human development development and and behavior behavior.. Leading Leading theories theories include include:
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11.. BBiologicaliological Determin Determinismism:: Em Emphasphasizesizes genetics genetics and and innate innate factors factors as as the the primary primary drivers drivers of of behavior behavior and and traits traits ( (ee.g.g.,., evolutionary evolutionary psychology psychology).
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2.2. BehaviorBehaviorismism:: Focus Focuseses on on the the environment environment and and learning learning,, arguing arguing that that behavior behavior is is shaped shaped by by conditioning conditioning and and experience experience ( (ee.g.g.,., Skinner Skinner’s’s oper operantant conditioning conditioning).
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33.. InteractionInteractionismism:: S Sugguggestsests that that nature nature and and nurture nurture interact interact dynamically dynamically,, with with genes genes influencing how influencing how individuals individuals respond respond to to their their environment environment and and vice vice versa versa ( (ee.g.g.,., gene gene-environment-environment interaction interaction).
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4.4. EpEpigenigeneticsetics:: Exam Examinesines how how environmental environmental factors factors can can influence influence gene gene expression expression without without altering altering the the DNA DNA sequence sequence,, bridging bridging nature nature and and nurture nurture..
5.5. DevelopDevelopmentalmental Systems Systems Theory Theory:: Views Views development development as as a a complex complex interplay interplay of of genetic genetic,, environmental environmental,, and and social social factors factors,, rejecting rejecting a a strict strict dichotomy dichotomy.
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Most contemporaryMost contemporary perspectives perspectives favor favor an an integrated integrated approach approach,, recognizing recognizing that that both both nature nature and and nurture nurture are are inseparable inseparable and and mutually mutually influential influential..