Fredric Jameson argues that in postmodern culture, history isn’t simply left behind but resurfaces in recurring, often spectral forms. He suggests that past modes of thought and aesthetic styles reappear cyclically, almost like ghosts haunting contemporary society. This recurring presence reflects ingrained ideological attachments that continuously influence our perceptions and social structures. Much like Berlant’s idea of cruel optimism, these lingering historical forms can prevent genuine change by trapping us in outdated or idealized visions that no longer serve our present needs. Jameson’s perspective thus underscores how the residue of the past not only persists but actively shapes and limits societal transformation.