In India during the medieval period, philosophers within Hindu and Buddhist traditions engaged in vibrant debates that addressed fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, and liberation. Hindu thinkers discussed concepts such as the nature of reality, self, and the universe through schools like Advaita Vedanta (non-dualism) and the dualistic interpretations found in other traditions. Similarly, Buddhist philosophers explored themes like emptiness, dependent origination, and the path to enlightenment, leading to the development of influential traditions including Madhyamaka and Yogācāra. These debates enriched the intellectual landscape by challenging and refining notions of truth, ethics, and the ultimate nature of reality.